Telefono Manual de Usuario SPCtelecom 7229 7230 - Download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File. TELECOM Y NOVATECNO S.A. Desea ofrecerle. The Minelab SD2200v2 MINELAB ELECTRONICS PTY LTD INSTRUCTION MANUAL 118 Hayward Avenue, Torrensville, SA 5031, Australia PO Box 537, Torrensville Plaza, SA 5031, Australia.
What is SAP BPC?
SAP BPC stands for Business Planning and Consolidation. It provides you with a single view of financial and operational data and unified solution which supports Performance Management processes. It delivers built-in functionalities for
- Strategic Planning
- Budgeting
- Reporting
- Forecasting
There are two platforms in SAP BPC. About 80% of its functionality is same except the difference in the back-end. In each platform, there is two version.
- SAP BPC MS (Microsoft Platform) - SAP BPC 7.5 MS and SAP EPM 10
- SAP BPC NW (Net Weaver Platform) – SAP BPC 7.5 NW and SAP BPC 10 NW.
Like any other SAP module, BPC module too holds master and transaction data. SAP BPC is divided into two components namely 'Administration' and 'Reporting'.
In this training, you will learn-
SAP BPC Overview
For any organization to run a business successfully financial planning, budgeting, and forecasting are important attributes. SAP BPC provide everything in one package.
- Unified - Planning and Consolidation in One Product. Single application lessens maintenance, enhance data integrity, and simplifies deployment. It also enables flexible planning & consolidation functions
- Owned and Managed by Business Users: - Business users manage processes, models & reports with little IT dependence.
- An open, adaptable application: - Extends the value of your investment in both SAP and non-SAP environments
- Familiar, Easy to use: - It is easy to use and support native Microsoft Office tools (e.g. Excel) and web browsers accessing a central database.
- Align Financial and Operational plans: - It helps to determine financial goals and operational plans with strategic objectives.
- Reduce budget cycle time: - It helps to reduce budget cycle time.
Let's see each attribute of SAP BPC in detail,
Strategic Planning helps management team to formulate its vision, mission, core values, and objectives. The team develops strategic plans to uphold its competitive advantage in the marketplace. It helps them to answer the following questions.
- What does corporate want to be?
- What to do?
- How to do?
- How to measure what we do?
- What do operating units need to do to achieve corporate objectives?
Budgeting is not just a prediction of future results. It is also a plan of actions and expected operations of the organization over the next year. Budgeting is done for proactive management and measurement of corporate performance.
- How to execute corporate strategy at operating unit level?
- How to measure what operating units do?
- What is the quantitative execution plan of operating units?
Reporting ensures performance progress is monitored, problems are anticipated, and continuous improvement efforts are promoted.
- How to measure that we perform towards achieving our targets and objectives?
- What information would help management decision making?
- How to control performance of corporate?
Forecasting is the act of predicting outcomes. It is done throughout the year to reflect changes that have occurred both in the internal and external environment. It determines how the internal or external environment impact on the original plans and budgets? The main objective is to provide more accurate information for less risk management planning and decision making.
What is EPM in SAP?
The EPM solution use is widening over the financial divisions. It is similar to CPM (Corporate Performance Management), BPM( Business Performance Management) and FPM (Finance Performance Management). EPM is being used as a unique repository to manage relevant information.Business needs | Benefits & features |
Processcontrols | Business Process Flow (BPF) technology for context-driven workflow and process enablement |
Centralized data and application management | |
Status monitoring and workflow management | |
Role-based security and User Authentication | |
Dimensional audit trail for budgeting, forecasting, and actuals | |
Versioning control supporting any number of versions | |
Data lockdown by dimension or specified period | |
Compliance andAuditability | Audit trail history across the planning, reporting, and forecasting |
'A single version of the truth' on reported numbers | |
transparency based on data - and data change – visibility | |
Ensures accountability as confidence in the numbers drives ownership responsibility | |
Audit report information stored, recalled, and reported on as needed to maintain optimal process performance and accountability | |
Consolidation | Legal & Management Consolidation |
Currency conversion | |
Inter-company eliminations | |
Journal entries | |
Reports including P&L, Cash Flow, Balance Sheet, and Fixed Assets | |
Budgeting &Forecasting | Single application tightly linking budgeting with data and processes for forecasting, reporting, and scorecard |
Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of results | |
Rolling forecasts based on any time period | |
Unlimited versioning | |
Centralized, collaborative templates that simplify the enterprise-wide forecasting process | |
Factors for trends and seasonality that can impact plans and budgets | |
Incorporates real-time actuals with historical data for the most effective forecast seeding | |
Comprehensive process management including versioning, workflow, and status control | |
Automatic forecasting and budgeting process | |
Collaborative top-down & bottom-up process ensures organizational alignment and stakeholder agreement | |
'What-if?' analysis & scenario planning for any situation including realistic, optimistic and pessimistic projections |
SAP BPC Architecture
SAP BPC Architecture. It uses various business rules and script logics for doing the planning. The key components in BPC architecture are shown in the image below.
BPC Administration
BPC Administration allows administrators to perform maintenance and setup tasks for BPC client applications.
How to start BPC administration
BPC administration has two interfaces; a client application and a web interface. The administration action pane lists the available tasks for both interfaces
To start BPC administration
- Any of the following shall work
- Open a browser and type http://<server name>/osoft, where <server name> is the name of your BPC server.
- From the Windows Start menu, select SAP > BPC
- From your Windows Desktop, click the BPC icon
- From the Launch page, select BPC Administration
- From the Administration action pane, select the desired task
The console client is a Microsoft explorer-like window. Where we manage items such as application sets, applications, business rules, dimensions and business process flows. The browser client allows to control application set and application properties, as well as maintain BPC web parameters.
Creating a new dimension
Dimensions represent the entities of a business (e.g., accounts, company codes, and categories). They represent the master, text, and hierarchy data for each of the business entities.
It is possible to create new dimensions in a BPC application set. There is no restriction to create a number of dimensions in SAP BPC. These dimensions then become shared dimensions that are available for use in any application within the appset.
Some dimensions are required dimensions. It must exist in all the applications within an application set. While the dimension type determines the default properties to be included in the dimension. It is possible to add additional properties as needed.
Dimension types
Required in each application
- A = Account type dimension
- C = Category type dimension
- E = Entity type dimension
- T = Time type dimension
Required in each application set
- R = Currency type dimension
Needed to validate currencies that are input in Entity type dimension. This may not be part of any applications within the application set
Required for Intercompany Eliminations
- I = Intercompany
It is also possible to create additional dimensions as a requirement
Un = User defined dimension type. For each user-defined dimension, the number 'n' will be incremented. For e.g; U1, U2, U3 and so on
Creating Dimensions
Select Dimension Library on the left side. The action pane will display the related dimension tasks.
To create a new dimension, click on 'Add a new dimension'.
Similarly, it is possible to copy, modify, process and delete dimensions. While adding dimensions, you need to enter reference type.
BPC Reporting
BPC for Office combines the power of BPC with the rich functionality of Microsoft Excel, Word, and Powerpoint. With BPC for Office, we have all of the Microsoft functionality we are used to. On top of it documents, worksheets, and slideshows can be linked directly to the BPC database that has Company's reporting data.
BPC for Office allows to collect data, build reports, perform real-time analysis and publish reports in a variety of formats. You can save your reports so that you can use them disconnected from the database. You can take reports completely offline and distribute them based on user access rights
A sample layout looks as follows
BPC Security
BPC security is managed in Administration Console. There are four key components in BPC security?
- Users: It is used to add users to the environment and manage their access rights
- Teams: You can define a group of users with same access rights
- Data Access Profiles: It enables setting up profiles for tasks to be performed.
- Task Profiles: It is used to set up profiles and enable access to data in models.
Summary:
- SAP BPC provides you with a single view of financial and operational data.
- SAP BPC delivers built-in functionalities for
- Strategic Planning
- Budgeting
- Reporting
- Forecasting
- SAP BPC Administration is a tool that allows administrators to perform setup and maintenance tasks for BPC client applications.
- SAP BPC supports Microsoft Excel, Word, and Powerpoint. SAP BPC for Office allows to collect data, build reports, perform real-time analysis and publish reports in a variety of formats.
Stored program control (SPC) is a telecommunications technology used for telephone exchanges controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the switching system. SPC was the enabling technology of electronic switching systems (ESS) developed in the Bell System in the 1950s, and may be considered the third generation of switching technology. Stored program control was invented by Bell Labs scientist Erna Schneider Hoover in 1954 who reasoned that computer software could control the connection of telephone calls.[1][2][3]
- 2Types
- 2.1Centralized control
History[edit]
Proposed and developed in the 1950s, SPC was introduced in production electronic switching systems in the 1960s. The 101ESS PBX was a transitional switching system in the Bell System to provide expanded services to business customers that were otherwise still served by an electromechanical central office switch. The first central office switch with SPC was installed at Morris, IL in a 1960 trial of electronic switching, followed shortly thereafter by the first Western Electric 1ESS switch at Succasunna, NJ in 1965. Other examples of SPC-based third generation switching systems include: British GPO TXE (various manufacturers), Metaconta 11 (ITT Europe) and the AKE, ARE and pre-digital (1970s) versions of the AXE telephone exchange by Ericsson and PhilipsPRX were large-scale systems in the public switched telephone network.
SPC enables sophisticated calling features. As SPC exchanges evolved, reliability and versatility increased.
Second generation exchanges such as Strowger, panel, rotary, and crossbar switches were constructed purely from electromechanical switching components with combinational logic control, and had no computer software control. The first generation were the manual switchboards operated by attendants and operators.
Later crossbar systems also used computer control of their switching matrices and may be considered SPC systems as well. Examples include the Ericsson ARE 11 (local) and ARE 13 (transit) as well as the North Electric NX-1E & D Switches and the ITT Metaconta 11, once found throughout Western Europe and in many countries around the world. SPC technology using analog switching matrices was largely phased out in the 1980s and had disappeared from most modern networks by the late 1990s. Some such switches in countries like Russia or Ukraine may still be in service.[citation needed])
The addition of time-division multiplexing (TDM) decreased subsystem sizes and dramatically increased the capacity of the telephone network. By the 1980s, SPC technology dominated the telecommunications industry.
Viable, fully digital switches emerged in the 1970s, with early systems, such as the French Alcatel E10 and Canadian Nortel DMS series going into production during that decade. Other widely adopted systems became available in the early 1980s. These included Ericsson AXE 10, which became the world's most popular switching platform, the Western Electric5ESS used through the US and in many other countries, the German designed Siemens ESWD, the ITT System 12 (later rebranded Alcatel S12) and NEC NEAX all of which were widely used around the world. The British developed System X (telephony), and other smaller systems also emerged in the early 1980s.
Some digital switches, notably the 5ESS and very early versions of Ericsson AXE 10, continued to use analog concentrator stages, using SPC-like technologies, rather than direct connections to the digital line cards containing the CODEC.
Early in the 21st century the industry began using a 5th generation of telephony switching, as TDM and specialist hardware based digital circuit switching is being replaced by softswitches and voice over IP VoIP technologies.
The principle feature of stored program control is one or multiple digital processing units (stored-program computers) that execute a set of computer instructions (program) stored in the memory of the system by which telephone connections are established, maintained, and terminated in associated electronic circuitry.
An immediate consequence of stored program control is automation of exchange functions and introduction of a variety of new telephony features to subscribers.
A telephone exchange must run continuously without interruption at all times, by implementing a fault-tolerant design. Early trials of electronics and computers in the control sub systems of an exchange were successful and resulted in the development of fully electronic systems, in which the switching network was also electronic. A trial system with stored program control was installed in Morris, Illinois in 1960. It used a flying-spot store with a word size of 18 bits for semi-permanent program and parameter storage, and a barrier-grid memory for random access working memory.[4] The world’s first electronic switching system for permanent production use, the No.1 ESS, was commissioned by AT&T at Succasunna, New Jersey, in May 1965. By 1974, AT&T had installed 475 No. 1ESS systems. In the 1980s SPC displaced electromechanical switching in the telecommunication industry, hence the term lost all but historical interest. Today SPC is standard in all automatic exchanges.
The attempts to replace the electromechanical switching matrices by semiconductor cross point switches were not immediately successful, particularly in large exchanges. As a result, many space division switching systems used electromechanical switching networks with SPC, while private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) and smaller exchanges used electronic switching devices. Electromechanical matrices were replaced in the early 21st century by fully electronic ones.
Types[edit]
Stored program control implementations may be organized into centralized and distributed approaches. Early electronic switching systems (ESS) developed in the 1960s and 1970s almost invariably used centralized control. Although many present day exchange design continue to use centralized SPC, with advent of low cost powerful microprocessors and VLSI chips such as programmable logic array (PLA) and programmable logic controllers (PLC), distributed SPC became widespread by the early 21st century.
Centralized control[edit]
In centralized control, all control equipment is replaced a central processing unit. It must be able to process 10 to 100 calls per second, depending on the load to the system.[citation needed] Multiprocessor configurations are commonplace and may operate in various modes, such as in load-sharing configuration, in synchronous duplex-mode, or one processor may be in stand-by mode.
Standby mode[edit]
Standby mode of operation is the simplest of a dual-processor configuration. Normally one processor is in standby mode. The standby processor is brought online only when the active processor fails. An important requirement of this configuration is ability of standby processor to reconstitute the state of exchange system when it takes over the control; means to determine which of the subscriber lines or trunks are in use.
In small exchanges, this may be possible by scanning the status signals as soon as the standby processor is brought into action. In such a case only the calls which are being established at the time of failure are disturbed. In large exchanges it is not possible to scan all the status signals within a significant time. Here the active processor copies the status of system periodically into secondary storage. When switchover occurs the recent status from the secondary memory is loaded. In this case only the calls which change status between last update and failure are affected. The shared secondary storage need not to be duplicated and simple unit level redundancy would suffice. 1ESS switch was a prominent example.
Synchronous duplex mode[edit]
In synchronous duplex mode of operation hardware coupling is provided between two processors which execute same set of instructions and compare the results continuously. If mismatch occurs then the faulty processor is identified and taken out of service within a few milliseconds. When system is operating normally, the two processors have same data in memories at all times and simultaneously receive information from exchange environment. One of the processor actually controls the exchange, but other is synchronized with the former but does not participate in the exchange control. If a fault is detected by the comparator the processors are decoupled and a check-out program is run independently to find faulty processor. This process runs without disturbing the call processing which is suspended temporarily. When one processor is taken out then the other processor operates independently. When the faulty processor is repaired and brought in service then memory contents of the active processor are copied into its memory and the two are synchronized and comparator is enabled.
It is possible that a comparator fault occurs only due to transient failure which is not shown even when check out program is run. In such case three possibilities exists:
- Continue with both processors: This is based on the assumption that the fault is transient and may not appear again.
- Take out the active processor and continue with the other.
- Continue with active processor but remove other processor from service.
When a processor is taken out, it is subjected to extensive testing to identify a marginal failure.
Load-sharing mode[edit]
In load-sharing operation, an incoming call is assigned randomly or in a predetermined order to one of the processors which then handles the call right through completion. Thus, both the processors are active simultaneously and share the load and the resources dynamically. Both the processors have access to the entire exchange environment which is sensed as well as controlled by these processors. Since the calls are handled independently by the processors, they have separate memories for storing temporary call data. Although programs and semi permanent data can be shared, they are kept in separate memories for redundancy purposes.
There is an inter processor link through which the processors exchange information needed for mutual coordination and verifying the 'state of health’ of the other. If the exchange of information fails, one of the processors which detect the same takes over the entire load including the calls that are already set up by the failing processor. However, the calls that were being established by the failing processor are usually lost. Sharing of resources calls for an exclusion mechanism so that both the processors do not seek the same resource at the same time. The mechanism may be implemented in software or hardware or both. Figure shows a hardware exclusion device which, when set by one of the processors, prohibits access to a particular resource by the other processor until it is reset by the first processor.
Distributed control[edit]
Distributed SPC is both more available and more reliable than centralized SPC. The control function are shared by many processors within the exchange. It uses low cost microprocessors. Exchange control may decomposed either horizontally or vertically for distributed processing.[5]
In vertical decomposition the whole exchange is divided into several blocks and a processor is assigned to each block. This processor performs all tasks related to that specific block. Therefore, the total control system consists of several control units coupled together. For redundancy, processors may be duplicated in each block.
In horizontal decomposition each processor performs only one or only some exchange functions.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Alpha Doggs (February 15, 2008). 'Phone switching pioneers to be inducted in National Inventors Hall of Fame'. Network World. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^'Erna Schneider Hoover'. Maximumpc.com. 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^'Erna Schneider Hoover'. Global History Network of IEEE. 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^A. E. Joel, An Experimental Electronic Switching System, Bell Laboratory Record, October 1958 p.359
- ^Thiagarajan., Viswanathan, (1992). Telecommunication switching systems and networks. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. ISBN0876927134. OCLC29022605.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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